INSERTINTO"events"VALUES('Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything".',-432000000000000000,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Infant universe cools as it begins expanding outward. The universe is almost completely smooth, as quantum variations begin to cause slight variations in density.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('The expansion decelerates.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Recombination; electrons combine with nuclei to form atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, ordinary matter particles decouple from radiation.',-431988070000000000,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Reionization begins, with certain wavelengths of light absorption by neutral hydrogen making Gunn–Peterson troughs.',-430799998291697524,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('The resulting ionized gas (mainly free electrons) in the intergalactic medium causes some light scattering, but with much lower opacity than before recombination due to cosmic expansion and gas clumping into galaxies.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of galaxies.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('HD1 galaxy forms.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Earliest quasars.',-414299998291697536,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('The exoplanet PSR B1620-26 b forms. It is a gas giant, the oldest observed exoplanet in the Universe, orbiting a pulsar and a white dwarf.',-400799998291697524,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Visual limit of Hubble Deep Field. Since (known) universe still small in size, galaxy interactions become common as larger and larger galaxies form out of galaxy merger process.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Due to many being Population III stars (some Population II stars at this time); they are much bigger and hotter, and their lifespans are fairly short. Unlike later generations of stars, these stars are metal-free.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('SN 1000+0216, oldest observed supernova, occurs.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Terzan 5 forms as a small dwarf galaxy on a collision course towards the Milky Way. The dwarf galaxy carrying the Methuselah Star is consumed by the Milky Way.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of the star clusters NGC 6522 and Omega Centauri.',NULL,'13.8 Ga – 11 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), globular cluster NGC 2808, red giant star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy.',-337999998291697524,'11 Ga – 9 Ga',NULL),
('Barnard''s Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed.',NULL,'11 Ga – 9 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of the earliest Population I stars and planetary nebulae, followed by rocky terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids and icy comets.',NULL,'9 Ga – 7 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of the exoplanets 55 Cancri B, Kepler 11 c and 51 Pegasi b.',NULL,'9 Ga – 7 Ga',NULL),
('A galaxy collides with the Milky Way, giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Formation of Gliese 876 and its planets.[1]',-251999998291697524,'9 Ga – 7 Ga',NULL),
('Formation of the exoplanets Kepler 452b and GJ 1214 b and the stars Alpha Centauri and Tau Ceti.',-169999998292123435,'7 Ga – 5.5 Ga',NULL),
('The dark-energy dominated era starts after the matter-dominated era.',-173599998291697524,'5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
('Due to accretion, many smaller planets form in orbits around the proto-Sun, some with conflicting orbits, causing the Early Heavy Bombardment to begin.',NULL,'5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
('The Earth-Moon system is formed after a giant impact by the hypothetical planetoid Theia',-141999998291697524,'5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
('A major collision with a Pluto-sized planetoid causes the Martian dichotomy, forming Mars'' North Polar Basin.',NULL,'5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
('The Sun enters main sequence: solar wind sweeps Earth Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust and gas).',NULL,'5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
('After moon forms, oldest lunar crust, formed of lunar anorthosite, differentiates from lower magmas. Earliest Earth crust probably made similarly out of similar material. Earth''s crust cools enough to let oceans form.',-119899998291697524,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Oldest known mineral, found in the Jack Hills, Australia. Detrital zircons show presence of solid crust and liquid water.',-138899998291697524,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Resonance at Jupiter and Saturn''s orbits moves Neptune into the Kuiper belt, causing disruption among asteroids and comets there, so the Late Heavy Bombardment batters the inner Solar System (possibly).',-129399998291697524,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Earliest known life forms: unusually high amounts of light isotopes of carbon, a common sign of life, found in mineral deposits aged 4.25 Ga located in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.[2][3]',-133999998292123435,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Anseris Mons, lonely massif in Mars southern highlands, at the northeast edge of Hellas Planitia uplifted in the wake of a meteorite impact.',NULL,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Nectaris Basin forms from a large impact event causing ejecta from Nectaris to form the upper part of a densely cratered lunar highlands.',NULL,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Caloris Basin is formed on Mercury, leading to the formation of the "Weird Terrain" on the opposite side, and volcanic activity across Mercury.',NULL,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Possible formation of Vaalbara supercontinent; oldest cratons on Earth (like the Canadian Shield, East European Craton and Kaapval craton) begin growing due to crustal disturbances along continents coalescing into Vaalbara– Pilbara Craton stabilizes. Makhonjwa Mountains uplifts on east edge of Kaapval craton, as these are the first mountains in Africa. Narryer Gneiss Terrane stabilizes: gneisses are "bedrock" for the formation of Yilgarn Craton in Australia– noted for survival of the Jack Hills where the oldest mineral, a zircon, was found.',NULL,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('Lifetime of Last universal common ancestor, Bacteria and Archaea split. Varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally.',NULL,'4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
('In the "Amazonian period" on Mars the atmosphere thins to its present density when groundwater at its upper crust (megaregolith) begins to freeze, forming a thick cryosphere above a deeper liquid water zone.',NULL,'3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
('Onverwacht series form, containing some of the oldest microfossils which are mostly spheroidal, carbonaceous and algae-like.',NULL,'3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
('Gneiss and greenstone belts in the Baltic Shield laid down in the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, and northeast Finland.',NULL,'3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
('Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria appear, using water as reducing agent, thereby making oxygen as waste. Oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating iron ore– over time, oxygen concentration in the air rises, acting as a poison for many bacteria. As the Moon is still very close to Earth and causes tides 1,000 feet (305 m) high[citation needed], Earth is continually wracked by hurricane-force winds– these extreme mixing influences are thought to stimulate evolutionary processes. Microbial mats successfully form the first reef-building communities on Earth in shallow warm tidal pool zones.',NULL,'3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
('Saturation of oxygen in ocean sediments reached as oxygen begins to dramatically appear in Earth''s atmosphere.',NULL,'2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
('Without oxygen sink, Earth''s atmosphere becomes highly oxygenic. Lomagundi-Jatuli event (Great Oxygenation Event) led by cyanobacteria''s oxygenic photosynthesis– various forms of Archaea and anoxic bacteria become extinct in the first major extinction event on Earth.',-77579998291697524,'2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
('Last great tectonic period in Martian geologic history: Valles Marineris, largest canyon complex in the Solar System, probably a rift fault.',NULL,'2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
('End of Huronian glaciation.',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('First unambiguous Cyanobacteria fossils, in Belcher Islands.[12]',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('First known eukaryotic acritarchs (probably).[16]',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('Earliest known eukaryote fossils.',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('First known multicellular organisms collectively known as "Gabonionta" (Francevillian Group Fossil); Wopmay orogen along west border of the Canadian Shield.',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('Bolide over 10km in size creates Vredefort impact structure.',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirianperiod'),
('Milky Way perturbed by collision.[17]',NULL,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
('Lesser supercontinent Atlantica forms. Oklo natural nuclear reactor of Gabon made by uranium precipitant bacteria.',-63113902291698284,'2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
('Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy captured into orbit around Milky Way.',NULL,'1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginningofMesoproterozoicera,Calymmianperiod'),
('Possibly multicellular red algae (eukaryotic).[18]',NULL,'1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginningofMesoproterozoicera,Calymmianperiod'),
('Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[19]',NULL,'1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
('Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa and North China Block, formation of Ghats Province in India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian).',-47335426291700635,'1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
('Major increase in Stromatolite diversity as common cyanobacteria colonies and reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans and seas.',-39446188291700741,'1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
('Eukaryotes found in lakes.[20]',NULL,'1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasianperiod,beginningofStenianperiod'),
('Supercontinent of Rodinia formed, consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia and China blocks, largest global system yet made– surrounded by superocean Mirovia',NULL,'1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
('First dinoflagellates; photosynthetic, several develop mixotrophic ways of ingesting prey. Thus, they are the first predators, forcing acritarchs to develop defensive strategies. Formation of the Gamburtsev Mountain Range and the Vostok Subglacial Highlands, both in Antarctica. The Keweenawan Rift buckles in south central part of the North American plate, leaving behind large layers of rock that are exposed in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, making a rift valley where Lake Superior develops.',-34712645491700942,'1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
('On the moon, the emergence of impact craters possessing bright ray systems with optical characteristics of a relatively young regolith.',NULL,'1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
('Mercury changes into a desolate cold planet influenced by space erosion and solar wind extremes. Titan begins evolving recognizable surface features including rivers, lakes and deltas.',NULL,'1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
('Fossils of organisms with two kinds of cells (cellular differentiation).',-31556950291700853,'1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
('First radiation of dinoflagellates and acritarchs– increase in defensive systems indicate acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates– decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to split. First Vaucheria algae. Trace fossils of colonial Horodyskia.',NULL,'1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
('Traces of sponge-like animals.[23][24][25][26]',NULL,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo and Kalahari on one side and Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on other– formation of Adamastor Ocean.',NULL,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('Terrestrial fungi.[27][28]',NULL,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('First Protozoa appear. As creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba and Melanocyrillium appear, first animal-like cells become distinctive from plants– rise of herbivores in the food chain.',NULL,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, one of at least three episodes of Snowball Earth– great ice sheets cover most of planet stunting evolution of animal and plant life– survival based on small pockets of heat under ice.',-22626332875701119,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('Volcanism on Venus practically stops.',NULL,'900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period'),
('Worm trail impressions– putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds of uneven width and tapering, making biological origin difficult to defend– structures imply simple eating behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia comes to an end: formation of new superocean Panthalassa as the previous Mirovia ocean bed closes.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Demosponges appear.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Pannotia supercontinent forms, bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland and Baltica. Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows for formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land-based life would have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to allow colonization of land. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs.',-20512017091701445,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('End of Marinoan Glaciation: last major "snowball Earth" event as future ice ages will feature less overall ice coverage of planet.',-19953459041301297,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('First Ediacaran type fossils.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('First evolution of Charnia, a frond-like organism.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Worm burrows and bilaterally symmetrical animals exist. Earliest arthropods and fungi.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('– Dickinsonia, a slow moving disc like creature, first appears– finding of fat molecules in tissues make this animal the first confirmed true metazoan animal.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Mollusk Kimberella appears.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[29]',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('First possible comb jellies, corals, and anemones.',NULL,'700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period'),
('Small shelly fauna appear.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, and Pikaia. First conodonts.',-17002884029301773,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First graptolites.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Trilobites.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Radiodonts, including earliest large predators known.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('All modern mineralized phyla present.[30]',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Bivalves. Arthropods dominant until arrival of chambered nautili.[31]',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Stifling hot "Dead Interval".[32]',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('End-Botomian mass extinction.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Paradoxides trilobites appear, largest members of Cambrian trilobites.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Earliest crustaceans.',-16125600763701747,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First great apex predator Anomalocaris dominates.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Mountain building at the northern parts of Ireland and Britain, Scandinavian Mountains, Svalbard, east Greenland and north central Europe.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Earliest brittle stars.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Jawless Thelodont fish.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Appalachian Mountains form.',-15778474291701631,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First fossils of plants on land.[33]',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First eurypterids or "sea scorpions". Collision of asteroids gives rise to L chondrite group of meteoroids and several craters ca. 470 Ma ago (Ordovician meteor event).',-14831765731701799,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First crinoids.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Andean-Saharan glaciation.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('First starfish, jawed fish or Gnathostomata, horseshoe crabs sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Plants and arthropods colonize land.',NULL,'550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)'),
('Earliest appearance of Cooksonia, the oldest known plant to have stems with vascular tissue and thus the transitional form between primitive nonvascular bryophytes and vascular plants.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First creature to breathe air. First ray-finned fish and land scorpions.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Prototaxites, tree-like organism, probably a fungus or lichen.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First clear evidence of land animals (millipedes or scorpions).',-13506373747701949,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Cephalaspis, an iconic member of Osteostraci, appears, the most advanced of jawless fish. Its boney armor serves as a shield against Placoderms and as a way to live in calcium-poor fresh water.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First toothed fish and nautiloids.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First of many modern groups, including tetrapods.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First amphibians, the Labyrinthodontia, the group that now includes reptiles and mammals.',-11044931491701919,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Vascular plants begin to make earliest stable soils on land.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First crabs and ferns. large predatory lobe finned fish Hyneria.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[33]',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Beginning of Karoo Ice Age.',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('Romer''s gap in the tetrapod record.[37]',NULL,'450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)'),
('First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.',-10571577211702200,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Agaricocrinus americanus, a representative of the Crinoids, appears as part of successful radiation of echinoderms.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('First amniotes.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Millipedes up to 2.6 metres in length.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('First winged insects and reptiliomorphs such as Solenodonsaurus and Eogyrinus. Synapsids and then pelycosaurs (forerunners of mammals).',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('First beetles.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Reptiles.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Hylonomus makes its first appearance as one of the oldest reptiles.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Diplocaulus appears in swampy regions having unusual boomerang-like skull.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('First diapsids; Meganeura giant dragonfly dominates skies.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Last great period of mountain building in Europe and North America because of the final suturing of Pangaea – Ural mountains are uplifted.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Oldest known octopus.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Dimetrodons.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian.',NULL,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Sirius, brightest star at Earth''s sky, forms.',-7636780675702117,'350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)'),
('Gorgonopsians and other therapsids (forerunners of mammals) displace pelycosaurs as dominant land animals.',NULL,'280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
('Siberian Traps eruption and Permian-Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur tracks.[40][41] 40°C sea temperatures during Smithian-Spathian extinction. Turtles. Archosaurs: dominance of Suchians (forerunners of crocodilians). First pterosaurs, ichthyosaurs.',NULL,'280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
('Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan impact structure formed.',NULL,'280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
('Long necked sauropods and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropods.',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Plateosaurus in central and northern Europe, Greenland and North America.',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Earliest elasmosauridae.',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Central Atlantic magmatic province eruptions, apparently cause global warming and the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event– extinction of conodonts and many other animals. Oxygen in atmosphere hits low of about 12%.[33]',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('First squamata.',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Pliosaurs appear, along with many groups of sea invertebrates.',NULL,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana at south and Laurasia at north. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs.',-6311388691702403,'220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)'),
('Laurasia and Gondwana continue to separate as the Atlantic Ocean forms. First anglerfish.',-4417971571702832,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Flowering plants.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('First Enantiornithes or "backward birds".',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Sinodelphys szalayi, the first known marsupial, appears in China.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('First ankylosauridae.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Ontong Java eruption.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Earliest known snakes.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Early-Aptian anoxic event. Seas cool by 5°C during 2 million years.[45]',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Earliest known monotremes.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Eomaia, similar to placental mammals.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('First hesperornithes.',NULL,'140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages'),
('Spinosaurus.',NULL,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('A supervolcano in eastern Australia sends particles to the west coast.[46][47]',NULL,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('Bees.',NULL,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('Mammals diversify into many forms.[48]',NULL,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('The earliest modern species of palm trees appear.',NULL,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years), extinction of ichthyosaurs.',-2963196084503354,'110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages'),
('Tyrannosaurus rex. Earliest species of Triceratops. Quetzalcoatlus, one of the largest flying animals ever, appears.',-2294188702103884,'70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
('Bolide creates Chicxulub Crater. Deccan Traps. Possible Shiva crater. Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction Event, (non-avian) dinosaurs die out.',-2082757123703844,'70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
('Many modern bird groups appear. Earliest whale ancestors. Earliest rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls and mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify.',NULL,'70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
('The Tasmanian Seaway and the Drake Passage open, creating the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Earliest thylacinid marsupials.',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Baleen whales appear.',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Gould Belt of stars created.[50]',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Alps begin to rise. Earliest indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high.',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Paraceratherium. First pelicans.',NULL,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('Eruption of La Garita Caldera in Colorado, one of the largest in Earth''s history.',-883592947704699,'35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)'),
('First hyenas.',NULL,'28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age'),
('Puijila darwini, early pinniped.',NULL,'28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age'),
('Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig").',NULL,'28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age'),
('Nimravids, "false sabre-toothed cats", die out in America.',NULL,'28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age'),
('Dawn bear which is ancestor of bears.',NULL,'22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age'),
('Giraffes and giant anteaters.',NULL,'22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age'),
('Sharp decrease in water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[51]',NULL,'22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age'),
('Cooling and drying of the climate in North America.[51]',-694251235704866,'22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age'),
('Appearance of genus Ardipithecus.',NULL,'7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age'),
('Zanclean Deluge.',NULL,'5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean'),
('Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis.',NULL,'5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean'),
('The Colorado Plateau reaches its present height, and the course of Colorado River is now close to present one.',NULL,'5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean'),
('Divergence of polar bears and brown bears.[57]',NULL,'5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean'),
('Possible date of 52km Karakul crater in Tajikistan.',NULL,'5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean'),
('Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.',-104136233381372,'3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian'),
('Carbon dioxide levels like today for long period, giving Mid-Pliocene Warm Period temperatures about 3°C higher than in pre-industrial 19th century, and sea level 20 meters higher.',-94669147781327,'3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian'),
('Possible time of Isthmus of Panama connecting South and Central America. Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons and camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, and opossums move north.',-85202062181287,'3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian'),
('Lucy, member of the species Australopithecus afarensis.',-100980538181259,'3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian'),
('Homo habilis appears.',-88357757381471,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including megalodon shark,[62] possibly caused by a nearby supernova or supernovas of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, which deposited 60Fe on Earth.[63][64]',-88357757381489,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Paranthropus.',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Oldowan tools used near Gona, Ethiopia.',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Possible tool use at Sivalik Hills, India.[65][66][67]',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4km in diameter) in the Pacific.',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Stone artifacts in Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) in China.[68] (see also Wushan Man)',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Amazon River takes present shape.',NULL,'2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic'),
('Island Park Caldera in Wyoming and Idaho.',NULL,'2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian'),
('Basin of Congo River acquires present shape.',NULL,'2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian'),
('Homo antecessor. Paranthropus dies out.',NULL,'1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age'),
('Stone artifacts on Flores, Indonesia, made by hominins.[69] This required crossing seas at least 19km wide.[70]',NULL,'1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age'),
('Species of early humans found in Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.[73][74]',NULL,'900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)'),
('Australasian strewnfield.',NULL,'900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)'),
('Evidence of use of fire[75] and olives, acorns, and other plant based foods,[76][77] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine.',NULL,'900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)'),
('Hominins present in Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of the Flores man.[78][79]',NULL,'900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)'),
('Homo floresiensis-like creatures on Flores, Indonesia.[80][81]',NULL,'900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)'),
('Stone points possibly for spears used by Homo heidelbergensis in South Africa.',NULL,'550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation'),
('Etching on a shell in Trinil in East Java, done by Homo erectus.[83]',NULL,'550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation'),
('Wooden construction by hominins, in Zambia.[84][85]',NULL,'550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation'),
('Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, France, and Greece.',NULL,'550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation'),
('Oldest known spear, Clacton-on-Sea.[86]',NULL,'550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation'),
('Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) and Venus of B''rekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC).',NULL,'450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial'),
('Earliest appearance of proto-Neanderthal traits.',NULL,'450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial'),
('Sima de los Huesos hominins in Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87]',NULL,'450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial'),
('Weald–Artois Anticline breached by a massive glacial lake outburst flood, creating a valley under present-day Strait of Dover.[89]',NULL,'450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial'),
('Hominin footprints in Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo).',NULL,'450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial'),
('Oldest known Middle Stone Age tools. Long-distance transport of obsidian.[90][91][92]',NULL,'350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic'),
('Schöningen Spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92]',NULL,'350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic'),
('Evidence for use of fire to pretreat stone for making blades, in the Qesem cave in Palestine.[94][95]',NULL,'350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic'),
('Stone tools in Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96][97]',NULL,'350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic'),
('Geminga supernova.',NULL,'350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic'),
('Jinniushan woman near Korea, with traits between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.',NULL,'280 ka – 220 ka',NULL),
('Dali Man in China, with some features of Homo sapiens.[98][99]',NULL,'280 ka – 220 ka',NULL),
('Homo naledi skeletons in the Rising Star cave system, South Africa– evidence of deliberate entombing of the dead, use of fire, and etchings on cave walls.',-8834238342712,'280 ka – 220 ka',NULL),
('Estimated time of Y-chromosomal Adam.',-8834238342610,'280 ka – 220 ka',NULL),
('Earliest appearance of Homo neanderthalensis based on evidence of Saccopastore skulls.',-8834238342663,'280 ka – 220 ka',NULL),
('Oldest evidence of seafaring, based on human artifacts in Crete.',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Appearance of full-blown Neanderthal traits.',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Stone tools on Crete (40km from nearest neighboring land).[118]',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Signs of early humans in California.[119][120] Sangoan culture.',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Neanderthals make ornaments from eagle claws.[121][122]',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Temperatures generally higher during Eemian interglacial than during Holocene.',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Sea levels 5 to 10 meters above current level.[123]',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Evidence of humans in southwest Victoria, Australia.[124]',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Late Eemian Aridity Pulse.[125]',NULL,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Tools, including a point probably made from a sperm whale tooth, used in Morocco for working leather and fur.',-4416265062964,'140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial'),
('Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel.',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Abbassia Pluvial.',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Denisovan "art" (parallel lines).[133][134]',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Humans with modern teeth in China (Fuyan Cave, between 80 and 120 ka ago).[135][99]',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Paint made at Blombos Cave.[136]',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Khoisanid backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa.',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('First structures: sandstone blocks set in semicircle with oval foundation, built in Egypt near Wadi Halfa near Egypt–Sudan border.',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Meter-high Flores Man on island of Flores, Indonesia. Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Palestine.',NULL,'110 ka – 90 ka',NULL),
('Homo sapiens by lake in what is now the Nafūd desert of Arabia.[137][138][97]',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Shell beads in Taforalt Caves, Morocco.',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Use of insecticidal Cape laurel on beds at Sibudu Cave in South Africa.[139]',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Tools made in Kota Tampan, Malaysia, probably by Homo sapiens.',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Abstract designs engraved on ochre and pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave in South Africa.',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Use of glue at Sibudu Cave.',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Arrowhead-like projectile points[140] and possibly poisoned arrows in southern Africa.[141][142]',NULL,'90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation'),
('Supervolcano Toba in Indonesia erupts, covering south Asia with ash and starting an ice age lasting approximately 1,000 years.',NULL,'70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE'),
('Sewing needle in Denisovan Cave.',-1576139383609,'55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC'),
('Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa. The Sahara desert is wet and fertile. The Late Stone Age starts in Africa.',-1576139383551,'55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC'),
('Possible outburst of water from Lake Agassiz brings about the Younger Dryas cold spell.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Signs of a possible impact event around time of end of first occupation of Abu Hureyra site.[189][190][191]',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Grain harvesting along the Nile, grain grinding culture makes the first stone sickle',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Australian aborigine-type people in Brazil (Serra da Capivara National Park).[192]',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Meltwater pulse 1B causes 7.5 meter rise in sea level.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Quaternary extinction event of large animals. Many ice age megafauna go extinct– megatherium, woolly rhinoceros, Irish elk, cave bear, giant short faced bears, cave lion, and the last of sabre-toothed cats. Mammoths go extinct in Eurasia and North America, but persist on Wrangel Island.',-408532203902,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Natufian Shaman burial[193] and earliest known banquet.[194]',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Vela Supernova only 800 light-years away.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Spartel flooded (possible site of Atlantis).',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Arrow-shaft straighteners used by Natufian culture in the Levant.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Eruptions at Virunga Mountains blocked Lake Kivu outflow into Lake Edward and the Nile, diverting water to Lake Tanganyika,[195]',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Göbekli Tepe (temple-like site of megalithic monuments and art).',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Lime.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Earliest known mummified body, the Spirit Cave mummy in Nevada.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Neolithic Revolution (agriculture begins, domestication of animals).',-367508187794,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Earliest layers of Jericho.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Urfa Man, earliest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human, in Upper Mesopotamia.',NULL,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Domestication and agriculture allow humans to live in one place – civilization.',-409262090964,'14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.'),
('Copper pendant in Iraq.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Toothpicks and birch-bark chewing gum.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Megatherium goes extinct. Equidae go extinct in North America.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Humans in present-day southwestern United States begin Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era, leading to art styles for pottery and basketmaking still used in the region. Early Pueblo architecture (Chaco Culture National Historical Park).',-283034282964,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('City of Byblos appears to be settled during PPNB. Neolithic remains of several buildings at the site.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Sea rises about 20 m in the 9th millennium BCE.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Start of inex series of solar eclipses every 29 years, unbroken till present.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Cannabis achenes at archeological site in the Oki Islands, probably indicating use by human.[196][197]',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Bas relief of dancing at Nevalı Çori.[198]',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Earliest supposed date for domestication of cattle.',-329639846142,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('First known monumental building (stone tower 8 meters high), in Jericho.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Possible lunar time reckoner at Warren Field in Aberdeenshire.[199]',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Migration of people to the Nile, creating a more centralized society and civilized farming economy.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('In north Mesopotamia, barley and wheat farming begin; they are first used for beer, gruel, and soup, and eventually for bread. In agriculture at this time, the planting stick is used rather than the plow.\',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Post-glacial sea level rise decelerates, slowing submersion of landmasses taking place over previous 10,000 years.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Possible identical ancestors point: time of latest subgroup of human population comprising all those that are ancestors of all present-day humans, while all other people of the time have no present-day descendants.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Dog sleds used in the Arctic.[200][201]',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Earliest given date for domestication of the cat.',-298082850876,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('First human settlement at Amman; ʿAin Ghazal Neolithic settlement.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Oldest cloth yet found (Çayönü).',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Alcoholic beverage (in China).[202]',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Mead.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Small stone circle at Atlit Yam, Palestine.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Farming of animals and cereal in the eastern Sahara.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('In the Nabta Playa west of the Nile, deep year-round water wells are dug and large, organized settlements are built to planned arrangements.',NULL,'11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE'),
('Emergence of the Jiahu culture in China.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('First large scale fish fermentation in south Sweden.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the oldest sites with evidence of farming in South Asia.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Trepanation.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Possible settlement of Tell Ramad (near Damascus).',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Lake Agassiz largely empties into the Hudson Bay.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Finse event, or "8.2-kiloyear event" (Bond event #5), a 200-year cold spell, starting around 6250 BC, perhaps caused by final collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, causing drier conditions in East Africa and Mesopotamia.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Storegga tsunami.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Doggerland flooded, cutting off Britain.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Meltwater pulse 1C causes 6.5 meter rise in sea level.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Mount Etna causes tsunami, possibly ending Atlit Yam settlement (Palestine).',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Possible evidence of beer brewing at Göbekli Tepe.[198]',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Lead smelting, pottery and finger rings at Çatalhöyük.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Rock painting of collecting wild honey (Spain).',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Sea rises 15 to 20 m in the 6th millennium BCE.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Holocene thermal maximum brings temperatures slightly warmer than in the recent past. Older Peron "transgression" (high sea level). Sahara region not desert (Neolithic Subpluvial). Domestication of the horse. Pottery revolutionized by the potter''s wheel.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Evidence of homes in Ḥalab (Aleppo).',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Vinča culture in southeastern Europe.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('First known smelting of copper (Serbia).',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Stone roofed subterranean chambers and other subterranean complexes at Nabta Playa with buried sacrificed cattle.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('First ritual landscapes, mustatils in Arabia.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('Alleged archaeoastronomy stone megalith in Nabta Playa.',NULL,'9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE'),
('First wrought gold known, in Varna necropolis.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Maize cultivation in Central America.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('First fermented alcohol in Egypt.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Earliest copper-tin bronze.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Plough introduced to Europe.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Mesoamerica enters formative era.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Megaliths spread through Europe.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Last mastodons.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Arsenical bronze.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Cooper Needles are invented by Egyptians.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Continuation of Holocene thermal maximum.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Akahoya eruption in Japan creates Kikai Caldera and ends the first homogeneous Jomon culture. When the Jomon culture recovers, it shows regional differences.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('domestication of water buffaloes in China.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Settlements with thousands of houses in the Tripolye culture (Moldova and Ukraine).',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('The first ziggurat is built in Uruk, dedicated to the god Anu.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('The Maykop culture of Caucasus is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Piora Oscillation brings cool, moist climate to Europe but drier conditions in the Sahara.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Sahara desert reforms, ending Neolithic Subpluvial (Bond event #4). Early Bronze Age begins .',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Żebbuġ, Malta.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Potter''s wheel is invented in mesopotamia.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Susa is a center of pottery making.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Funnelbeaker culture.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('First given dates for domestication of the horse and domestication of the chicken.',-172584929364,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Post Track and Sweet Track roadways.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Mġarr phase transitional period in Malta, pottery having mainly curved lines.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Large city at Tell Brak in Syria, with four mass graves seeming to indicate a period of violence.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Syria begins production of linen fabrics.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Silver mining.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Neolithic Chinese settlements. They made silk and pottery (chiefly Yangshao culture and Longshan culture), wore hemp clothing and domesticated pigs and dogs.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Gerzeh culture in Egypt — underground tombs, burial of furniture and amulets.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('In Colombia, first rupestrian art, at Chiribiquete National Park.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Evidence of maize domestication appear in the Tehuacán Valley matorral, Mexico.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex in Malta, having furniture such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Ta'' Ħaġrat Temples and Kordin Temples in Malta.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, maybe by Uruk.',NULL,'7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE'),
('Mound building starts in North America.',-172584929364,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Egyptian numeral system invented.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Ötzi the Iceman.',-165484663764,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('City of Liangzhu in China.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Norte Chico civilization, first known civilization in the Americas.',-172584929364,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Cycladic culture on the Aegean islands of Greece.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Yamna culture, made by Proto-Indo-Europeans.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Sail developed on the Nile delta.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('A version of the Mayan calendar aka. the Mesoamerican Long Count, uses the epoch of August 11 or 13, 3114 BC. The Mayan Long Count calendar is first used c. 236 BC.',-160384730964,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('First chairs.[204] (Egypt)',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Early Dynastic Period of Egypt according to the Palermo stone. Papyrus invented in Egypt.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Neolithic homes at Skara Brae on Orkney Islands, Scotland.Oldest currently living nonclonal organism germinates at the Grove of Ancients.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes as he rules whole country from Memphis. Foundation of Aniba (Nubia) and of Troy.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Phonetic writing starts in Sumer (Cuneiform), Egypt (Egyptian hieroglyphs), and Elam, triggering start of recorded history.',-156806474964,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Bronzeworking starts in Sumer marking the start of the age of Bronze. The Egyptian pantheon originates by this time.',-166273582164,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Invention of the toilet and sewerage (Indus civilization and Skara Brae).',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Oldest Petroglyphs in Australia and America.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Tin and Gold used in Mesopotamia.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Flood deposit at Shuruppak, connected with Utnapishtim and Flood stories.[205]',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('The first kingdom of Mari in Syria is founded.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Early form of proto-currency as silver or gold in Sumer.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Wire.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia and second dynasty in Egypt.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('365-day calendar year created in Egypt, with fixed lunar months of 30 days and 5 epagomenal days.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Beginning of large-scale production of religious statues in Sumer.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Extinction of the Balearic cave goat. Oldest currently living nonclonal organism (the "Methuselah" tree) germinates in California.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Possible asteroid or comet impact between Africa and Antarctica, based on chevrons and analysis of flood stories, causing Burckle crater & Fenambosy Chevron.[206]',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Soap-like substance made in Babylon.[207]',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Wars of the second dynasty of Egypt.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Tea invented in China.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Bell Beaker culture.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Cucuteni-Trypillian culture in Romania, Moldova and southwest Ukraine.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Founding of Tyre, according to Herodotus. Elamite kingdom appears.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('First pyramids are built: Pyramid of Djoser, Meidum pyramid, Bent Pyramid, Red Pyramid .',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Beginning of Old Kingdom of Egypt (3th dynasty).',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Unified Indus Valley civilisation, foundation of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.',-166273582164,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Old Assyrian Kingdom formed.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Instructions of Shuruppak, wisdom literature, among oldest know literature.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Oldest Statues of known persons (e.g. Djedefre).',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Foundation of the city of Ur in Mesopotamia and its first ruler A''annepada. Reign of Mesilim, king of Kish. The 4th Dynasty of Egypt with important pharaos such as Khufu',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('and Khafre. Pyramid of Khafre and Great Sphinx of Giza, monument of either Khafre or Khufu with lion''s body.',-142858318164,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Circle added to Stonehenge.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Camel domesticated in Bactria and Arabia.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Austronesians from Formosa colonize Luzon in northern Philippines.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Ebla tablets stored in the city of Ebla, Syria; thought to be the earliest library. 5th dynasty of Egypt.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Incised panel "frying pans" in the Cyclades.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats Babylonian king Bel (legend). Traditional date for legendary creation of Armenia by Hayk.',NULL,'5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.'),
('World''s last existing mammoth population on Wrangel Island goes extinct.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Golden age of Ur.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Hekla 4 eruption.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Destruction of Mari.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Production of honey in Egypt.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('End of the Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('6th dynasty of Egypt.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Dangun founds Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom; this is presented as history rather than myth in Korea.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Sargon of Akkad conquers Sumer, Mari and Ebla.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Courier services in Egypt.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Akkadian Empire.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Unetice culture emerges in Czech Republic. Independence of Ebla.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('and of Mari.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Akkad (city), now the largest city in world, surpasses Memphis, Egypt. Akkad (city) conquers Mari and Elam.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('The dromedary camel is domesticated.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Nomad invasions of Akkad.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Akkad sacked by Gutians.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Elam and Mari gain idependence. Austronesian peoples reach the Batanes Islands in the Philippines as part of the Austronesian Expansion.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('The Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim culture emerges in the southern Urals from the Catacomb culture, likely locus of Proto-Indo-Iranian.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Argaric culture in Spain.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Possible date for the death of Pepi II Neferkare, longest reigning monarch of history, having spent 94 years on the throne.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('22nd century BC drought (associated with Bond event #3), probably causing the fall of the Old Kingdom of Egypt (7th dynasty) and the Akkadian Empire– taken as the',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('start of the Meghalayan age, the last of the three stages of the Holocene.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('8th dynasty and',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('9th dynasty.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Fall of Akkad.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Second Dynasty of lagash.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Solar eclipse on May 9, 2138 BC and lunar eclipse on May 24, 2138 BC may be double eclipse taking place 23 years after the crowning of Shulgi as king of Babylon.[208][209]',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Uruk-Gutian war.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Sumer campaigns of Ur-Nammu.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Law code of Ur-Nammu.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Possible time of Great Flood (China) and Yu the Great.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Start of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and the 11th dynasty.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Fall of Ur.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Chariot emerges on Eurasian steppe, permitting the defeat of Indus Valley civilizations.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Seima-Turbino culture in northern Eurasia.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('First Minoan palaces on Crete.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Glass.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Avellino eruption of Vesuvius.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Bahr Yussef canal.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Close alignment of naked-eye planets in span of 4.3 degrees, apparently observed by the Chinese and regarded as heralding the start of the Xia dynasty.[210][211]',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Copper bar defines Sumerian cubit.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Amorite conquest of Ur.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Cacao is domesticated by Mokaya culture in Guatemala.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Vedic period starts in Indian subcontinent. The Phaistos Disc is manufactured showing an unknown glyph-based language.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Beginning of Poverty Point earthworks (Louisiana).',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Tree rings show global cooling for several years, possibly caused by volcanism, e.g. the Minoan eruption (Thera), the Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius or eruption of Mount Aniakchak in Alaska.[214]',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Earliest attestation of an Indo-European language appears in Hittite cuneiform.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Egyptian domination over Canaan and Syria.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Ugarit golden age.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Hollow glassware.[215]',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Cannabis found in Turkomen shrine.[216]',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Hittite king Mursili I devastates Babylon. Beginning of Kassite dynasty.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Nubian Kingdom of Kerma sacks Egypt.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Egypt conquers Nubia.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Surgical and medical papyri in Egypt.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Hittites.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Possible time of impact forming the Kaali craters in Estonia, possibly referred to in myth.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Bantu migrate across central, east and southern Africa.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Beginning of composition of the Rigveda.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Wall completed around Ao by Shang dynasty.',NULL,'4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE'),
('Thutmose III earns fame as military leader: Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC),',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Egyptian conquest of Syria.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Mycenaean Greece has the oldest deciphered writing in Europe.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Hittite New Kingdom.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Elamite Empire is formed.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('The first Northwest Semitic language, Ugaritic, is attested during the so-called Ugarit golden age.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Akhenaten pharaoh in Egypt, monotheistic cult to the god Athon. Thebes considered capital of Egypt.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Assyria conquers the Hurrians.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Cimmerians appear.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Babylonian-Assyrian War of 1235 BC. Phrygia formed.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Merneptah Stele claims Egyptian desolation and pacification of Canaan, and mentions Israel, but Egypt loses power there.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Oracle bone script, which has the oldest written records in Old Chinese.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Diamonds used for making holes in beads of hard rock.[217]',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('First Temple is built in Jerusalem.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Tamil Brahmi script invented.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Start of the 18th dynasty in Egypt..',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Shatapatha Brahmana.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Neo-Assyrian Empire is formed.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II conquers Syria and his son Shalmaneser III launches campaigns in all directions, conquers Babylon and Damascus. First mention of Arabs and of Chaldeans.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Eliyahu (Elijah) and Elisha`. Jehu king of Israel.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Olmec Pyramids and Olmec Heads are built.',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Queens Athaliah and Shammuramat (Semiramis).',NULL,'3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.'),
('Destruction of Babylon.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Assyria conquers Egypt. Egypt gains Independence in 652 BC.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Fall of Nineveh. Medes conquer Elam. Battle of Carchemish and end of Neo-Assyrian Empire.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Beginning of Haryanka dynasty in the Magadha Empire in India.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('First Lydian coins. Printing paper is invented in China.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Solon''s reforms. Temple of Zeus, Olympia is created.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Jeremiah. Nabû-kudurri-uṣur II (Nebuchadnezzar the Great) conquers Kingdom of Judah. Babylonian captivity. Ezekiel.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Siege of Tyre (586-573 BC). Persian Revolt.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('First Tamil Kingdom.',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Kūruš II (Cyrus the Great).',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Persia conquest of Lydia, Babylon, Egypt, and Gandhara. Dārayavaʰuš I (Darius the Great).',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Kǒng Fūzǐ (Confucius).',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('High THC cannabis used in Xinjiang.[219]',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Gautama Buddha,',NULL,'2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE'),
('Parthia gains independence from Alexander the Great''s empire. Silk road is established by this time. Roman conquest of Macedon.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('First and Second Triumvirates.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Tigranes. Armenia conquers Syria later to be taken by the Seleucid Empire. Start of Kanva dynasty in India.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Gaul conquest.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Egypt is absorbed by the recently formed',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Expansion of Christianity, Gnosticism and Mithraism.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Yellow Turban Rebellion. Han dynasty collapses. Sassanid dynasty rebellion against Parthian empire. Reign of Roman emperor Caracalla.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men.',NULL,'2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE'),
('East frontier of Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans and Vandals cross the frozen Rhine and enter Gaul.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Constantine III leads many Roman military units from Britain to Gaul and occupies Arles (Arelate). generally seen as Rome''s withdrawal from Great Britain.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Rome ransacked by Visigoths under King Alaric I.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Suebi form first independent Christian kingdom of western Europe in Gallaecia.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Augustine of Hippo begins to write The City of God.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Jin dynasty ended by Liu Yu of Song.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Northern and Southern dynasties in China.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('First Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical council upholds title Theotokos or "mother of God", for Mary.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and do away with Hunnic domination .',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Vandals sack Rome.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Chichen Itza founded in Mexico.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Saint Patrick,',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('King Arthur (debatable).',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Teotihuacán Empire .',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Dengizich, last Khan rules Hunnic Empire.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Riothamus, King of Britons, helps the Romans against the Visigoths.',NULL,'1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623'),
('Venice-Mongol trade pact.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Codex Gigas.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Francis of Assisi.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Mongol conquest of khwarazm, China and Persia.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Mount Rinjani on Lombok erupts, causing global cooling and failed harvests.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Siege of Baghdad (1258) by the Mongols.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Mamluks defeat Mongol army of Hulagu Khan (under Kitbuqa) in the Battle of Ain Jalut — first known use of hand cannon.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('The Mongol Empire fractures: the Golden Horde is formed.',NULL,'900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323'),
('Beginning of the Franco-Ottoman alliance and Siege of Nice.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('The Council of Trento is hold with the objective of preparing the Counter-Reformation.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Barroque movement spread throughout Europe and stood as a symbol of wealth among Church and Nobility.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Complex number theory is invented.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Tycho Brahe',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Copernicus, Scientific Revolution.The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('1556 Shaanxi earthquake. Macau established. French Wars of Religion. Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568-1571).',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Eighty Years'' War.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Union of Lublin.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('First of about 11 Russo-Turkish Wars (1568 to 1878).',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Battle of Lepanto.',NULL,'550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573'),
('Iberian Union.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Gregorian Calendar introduced.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Spanish Armada.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Songhay Empire collapses.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Microscope and .',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Thermometer invented.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Rise of the Moghul Empire.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Russian Time of Troubles and Russian famine of 1601–1603, probably connected to eruption of Huaynaputina. The General Crisis.',NULL,'450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673'),
('Watt engine marks the start of the Industrial revolution.',NULL,'280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803'),
('Dismantlement of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.First Anglo-Maratha War. treaty of Paris (1783).',NULL,'280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803'),
('Eruption of Laki. First manned flying machine: a Hot air balloon. Mozart. French Revolution, Haitian Revolution. Slavery banned in Canada and in France.',NULL,'280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803'),
('First vaccine: Smallpox.',NULL,'280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803'),
('Quasi-War between US and France. Romanticism and Nationalism movements rise through Europe by the 1800s.',NULL,'280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803'),
('The Chrysler Building and the Empire state building are crowned as the tallest buildings marking the age of skyscrapers.',NULL,'110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933'),
('1931 Yellow River flood.',NULL,'110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933'),
('Soviet famine of 1932–1933 kills around 8 million.',NULL,'110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933'),
('Great Depression.',NULL,'110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933'),
('Adolf Hitler.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Sulfa drugs.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Kurt Gödel.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Mahatma Gandhi.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Second Sino-Japanese War, Spanish Civil War.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('1938 Yellow River flood.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('LSD discovered.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Polyethylene, rise of polymers, plastic.',NULL,'90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953'),
('Super Typhoon Goni hits Catanduanes Island in the Philippines with wind speeds up to 315km/h, a record for a landfalling tropical cyclone.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Joe Biden wins 2020 United States presidential election.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Start of Tigray War in Ethiopia.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Hurricane Iota ends the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season with a record 28 storms.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Assassination of Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Expected establishment of the East African Confederation. India''s Chandrayaan-3 becomes the first spacecraft to land near the south pole of the Moon. Wagner Group leader Yevgeny Prigozhin is reportedly killed on a plane crash.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('Launch of Aditya-L1.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('XRISM and SLIM were launched.',NULL,'7 – 0 years','2016–2023'),
('The atmosphere becomes a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans, causing plate tectonics to stop completely, if not already stopped sooner.
