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delete some bad rows

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Nick Griffey 2024-02-12 22:59:32 -06:00
parent ad76ffcff4
commit d997666bc6
1 changed files with 2 additions and 414 deletions
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timeline.sql
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@ -4,19 +4,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "rawevents" (
"Field2" TEXT,
"Field3" TEXT
);
INSERT INTO "rawevents" VALUES ('','',''),
('The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.
Millions of Years (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)Thousands of years (5th)','',''),
('','',''),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','',''),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything".'),
INSERT INTO "rawevents" VALUES ('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Big Bang occurs when ordinary space and time develop from a primeval state (possibly a false vacuum) described by a quantum theory of gravity or "theory of everything".'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Infant universe cools as it begins expanding outward. The universe is almost completely smooth, as quantum variations begin to cause slight variations in density.'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','The expansion decelerates.'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Recombination; electrons combine with nuclei to form atoms, mostly hydrogen and helium, ordinary matter particles decouple from radiation.'),
@ -34,29 +22,12 @@ Millions of Years (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)Thousands of years (5th)','',''),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','SN 1000+0216, oldest observed supernova, occurs.'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Terzan 5 forms as a small dwarf galaxy on a collision course towards the Milky Way. The dwarf galaxy carrying the Methuselah Star is consumed by the Milky Way.'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','','Formation of the star clusters NGC 6522 and Omega Centauri.'),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','',''),
('13.8 Ga – 11 Ga','',''),
('11 Ga – 9 Ga','',''),
('11 Ga – 9 Ga','','Formation of the Gliese 581 planetary system, BX442 (oldest grand design spiral galaxy observed), globular cluster NGC 2808, red giant star Mu Cephei, and the Andromeda Galaxy.'),
('11 Ga – 9 Ga','','Barnard''s Star (nearby red dwarf star) may have formed.'),
('11 Ga – 9 Ga','',''),
('11 Ga – 9 Ga','',''),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','',''),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','','Formation of the earliest Population I stars and planetary nebulae, followed by rocky terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids and icy comets.'),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','','Formation of the exoplanets 55 Cancri B, Kepler 11 c and 51 Pegasi b.'),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','','A galaxy collides with the Milky Way, giving rise to the so-called Gaia Sausage population of stars. Formation of Gliese 876 and its planets.[1]'),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','',''),
('9 Ga – 7 Ga','',''),
('7 Ga – 5.5 Ga','',''),
('7 Ga – 5.5 Ga','','Formation of the exoplanets Kepler 452b and GJ 1214 b and the stars Alpha Centauri and Tau Ceti.'),
('7 Ga – 5.5 Ga','',''),
('7 Ga – 5.5 Ga','',''),
('','',''),
('5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
Hadean eon
Pre-Noachian era (Mars)
Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)
Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)',''),
('5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
Hadean eon
Pre-Noachian era (Mars)
@ -97,22 +68,6 @@ Hadean eon
Pre-Noachian era (Mars)
Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)
Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)','The Sun enters main sequence: solar wind sweeps Earth Moon system clear of debris (mainly dust and gas).'),
('5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
Hadean eon
Pre-Noachian era (Mars)
Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)
Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)',''),
('5.5 Ga – 4.5 Ga','Precambrian Supereon
Hadean eon
Pre-Noachian era (Mars)
Pre-Tolstojan period (Mercury)
Pre-Nectarian period (Moon)',''),
('4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
beginning of Archaean eon
Eoarchean era
Basin Groups era.
Nectarian era
Imbrian period',''),
('4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
beginning of Archaean eon
Eoarchean era
@ -239,23 +194,6 @@ Eoarchean era
Basin Groups era.
Nectarian era
Imbrian period','Lifetime of Last universal common ancestor, Bacteria and Archaea split. Varieties of Eubacteria begin to radiate out globally.'),
('4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
beginning of Archaean eon
Eoarchean era
Basin Groups era.
Nectarian era
Imbrian period',''),
('4.5 Ga – 3.5 Ga','Hadean eon
beginning of Archaean eon
Eoarchean era
Basin Groups era.
Nectarian era
Imbrian period',''),
('3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era
Mesoarchean era
Amazonian period (Mars)
Eratosthenian period',''),
('3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era
Mesoarchean era
@ -331,22 +269,6 @@ Paleoarchean era
Mesoarchean era
Amazonian period (Mars)
Eratosthenian period','Possible largest crater on earth near Maniitsoq, Greenland.[13]'),
('3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era
Mesoarchean era
Amazonian period (Mars)
Eratosthenian period',''),
('3.5 Ga – 2.8 Ga','Archaean eon
Paleoarchean era
Mesoarchean era
Amazonian period (Mars)
Eratosthenian period',''),
('2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
End of Archaean eon
Beginning of Proterozoic eon
Paleoproterozoic era
Siderian period
Rhyacian period',''),
('2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
End of Archaean eon
Beginning of Proterozoic eon
@ -395,20 +317,6 @@ Beginning of Proterozoic eon
Paleoproterozoic era
Siderian period
Rhyacian period','Last great tectonic period in Martian geologic history: Valles Marineris, largest canyon complex in the Solar System, probably a rift fault.'),
('2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
End of Archaean eon
Beginning of Proterozoic eon
Paleoproterozoic era
Siderian period
Rhyacian period',''),
('2.8 Ga – 2.2 Ga','Neoarchean era
End of Archaean eon
Beginning of Proterozoic eon
Paleoproterozoic era
Siderian period
Rhyacian period',''),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period',''),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period','End of Huronian glaciation.'),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
@ -435,13 +343,6 @@ Orosirian period','10-km diameter bolide creates Sudbury Basin.'),
Orosirian period','Bacteriophages emerge around the time of the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.'),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period','Columbia supercontinent.'),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period',''),
('2.2 Ga – 1.8 Ga','Paleoproterozoic era
Orosirian period',''),
('','',''),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period',''),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period','Supercontinent Columbia forms, one of whose fragments being Nena.'),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
@ -452,25 +353,12 @@ beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period','Possibly multicellular red
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period','Erosion of granite introduces copper, zinc, and molybdenum into surface waters.[19]'),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period','Supercontinent Columbia splits apart: linked to continental rifting along west margin of Laurentia, east India, south Baltica, southeast Siberia, northwest South Africa and North China Block, formation of Ghats Province in India. First structurally complex eukaryotes (Horodyskia, colonial formamiferian).'),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period',''),
('1.8 Ga – 1.4 Ga','Statherian period, end of Paleoproterozoic
beginning of Mesoproterozoic era, Calymmian period',''),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period',''),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period','Major increase in Stromatolite diversity as common cyanobacteria colonies and reefs dominating tidal zones of oceans and seas.'),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period','Eukaryotes found in lakes.[20]'),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period','Supercontinent of Rodinia formed, consisting of North American, East European, Amazonian, West African, East Antarctica, Australia and China blocks, largest global system yet made – surrounded by superocean Mirovia'),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period',''),
('1.4 Ga – 1.1 Ga','Mesoproterozoic era
Ectasian period, beginning of Stenian period',''),
('1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
beginning of Neoproterozoic era and Tonian period.
Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
beginning of Neoproterozoic era and Tonian period.
Beginning of Copernican period on moon','First dinoflagellates; photosynthetic, several develop mixotrophic ways of ingesting prey. Thus, they are the first predators, forcing acritarchs to develop defensive strategies. Formation of the Gamburtsev Mountain Range and the Vostok Subglacial Highlands, both in Antarctica. The Keweenawan Rift buckles in south central part of the North American plate, leaving behind large layers of rock that are exposed in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, making a rift valley where Lake Superior develops.'),
@ -489,22 +377,12 @@ Beginning of Copernican period on moon','Fossils of organisms with two kinds of
('1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
beginning of Neoproterozoic era and Tonian period.
Beginning of Copernican period on moon','First radiation of dinoflagellates and acritarchs – increase in defensive systems indicate acritarchs are responding to carnivorous habits of dinoflagellates – decline in stromatolite reef populations begins. Rodinia starts to split. First Vaucheria algae. Trace fossils of colonial Horodyskia.'),
('1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
beginning of Neoproterozoic era and Tonian period.
Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('1.1 Ga – 900 Ma','End of Stenian period, end of Mesoproterozoic era
beginning of Neoproterozoic era and Tonian period.
Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period',''),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','Traces of sponge-like animals.[23][24][25][26]'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','Rift develops on Rodinia between continental masses of Australia, east Antarctica, Indian subcontinent, Congo and Kalahari on one side and Laurentia, Baltica, Amazonia, West African and Rio de la Plata cratons on other – formation of Adamastor Ocean.'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','Terrestrial fungi.[27][28]'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','First Protozoa appear. As creatures like Paramecium, Amoeba and Melanocyrillium appear, first animal-like cells become distinctive from plants – rise of herbivores in the food chain.'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','Breakup of Rodinia, Sturtian glaciation begins, one of at least three episodes of Snowball Earth – great ice sheets cover most of planet stunting evolution of animal and plant life – survival based on small pockets of heat under ice.'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period','Volcanism on Venus practically stops.'),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period',''),
('900 Ma – 700 Ma','Tonian period, beginning of Cryogenian period',''),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period',''),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','Worm trail impressions – putative "burrows" under stromatolite mounds of uneven width and tapering, making biological origin difficult to defend – structures imply simple eating behaviours. Rifting of Rodinia comes to an end: formation of new superocean Panthalassa as the previous Mirovia ocean bed closes.'),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','Demosponges appear.'),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','Pannotia supercontinent forms, bordered by Iapetus and Panthalassa oceans, then breaks up into Laurentia, Gondwana, Angaraland and Baltica. Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows for formation of ozone layer: prior to this, land-based life would have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation enough to allow colonization of land. Marinoan glaciation. First non-microscopic life (Ediacaran biota). Rangeomorphs.'),
@ -517,10 +395,6 @@ Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','Shuram excursion of δ13C, possibly connected to rise of first Cambrian-like animals such as arthropod-like Yilingia.[29]'),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','First possible comb jellies, corals, and anemones.'),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period','Ayers Rock begins forming.'),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period',''),
('700 Ma – 550 Ma','Cryogenian period, Ediacaran period',''),
('','',''),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)',''),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','Small shelly fauna appear.'),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','Cambrian explosion. Fish-like Myllokunmingia, Haikouichthys, and Pikaia. First conodonts.'),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','First graptolites.'),
@ -544,9 +418,6 @@ Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','Andean-Saharan glaciation.'),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','First starfish, jawed fish or Gnathostomata, horseshoe crabs sea urchins, placoderms, cartilaginous fish (such as sharks) and bony fish.'),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)','Plants and arthropods colonize land.'),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)',''),
('550 Ma – 450 Ma','End of Ediacaran. Beginning of Phanerozoic Eon (lasting till now) and Palaeozoic Era. Cambrian period (541–485 Ma) – Ordovician (485–443 Ma)',''),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)',''),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Ordovician-Silurian extinction events.'),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Great Glen Fault begins shaping Scottish Highlands.'),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Earliest appearance of Cooksonia, the oldest known plant to have stems with vascular tissue and thus the transitional form between primitive nonvascular bryophytes and vascular plants.'),
@ -570,9 +441,6 @@ Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Hangenberg event with atmospheric oxygen falling to 13%. Few arthropods left on land.[33]'),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Beginning of Karoo Ice Age.'),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)','Romer''s gap in the tetrapod record.[37]'),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)',''),
('450 Ma – 350 Ma','Silurian (443–419 Ma) – Devonian (416–359 Ma)',''),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)',''),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','First large sharks, ratfish and hagfish.'),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','Karoo Ice Age. Formation of Pangaea supercontinent. Oxygen levels rise and animals colonize the land a second time.[33]'),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','Agaricocrinus americanus, a representative of the Crinoids, appears as part of successful radiation of echinoderms.'),
@ -590,10 +458,6 @@ Beginning of Copernican period on moon',''),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','Dimetrodons.'),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','Prionosuchus, a large carnivorous amphibian.'),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)','Sirius, brightest star at Earth''s sky, forms.'),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)',''),
('350 Ma – 280 Ma','Carboniferous (359–299 Ma), beginning of Permian period (299–252 Ma)',''),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)','Cycads, seed ferns.'),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
@ -622,11 +486,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)','First crocodilians a
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)','Gymnosperms dominant. Dicroidium flora common on land. Manicouagan impact structure formed.'),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)','First lizards.'),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('280 Ma – 220 Ma','Permian period, end of Paleozoic era
beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)',''),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','First redwoods.'),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','Long necked sauropods and Coelophysis, one of the earliest theropods.'),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','Plateosaurus in central and northern Europe, Greenland and North America.'),
@ -637,10 +496,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana at south and Laurasia at north. Mammals. Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales, and cycads) and ferns common. Sauropods, carnosaurs, stegosaurs.'),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','Toarcian turnover (extinction).'),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)','Gondwana breaks up.'),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)',''),
('220 Ma – 180 Ma','Triassic, Jurassic (201–145 Ma)',''),
('','',''),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic',''),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','First stegosaurs.'),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','First salamanders and newts. Cynodonts go extinct.'),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','First rays and Glycymerididae bivalves.'),
@ -656,9 +511,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','The Small Magellanic Cloud passes through the Large Magellanic Cloud.[43][44]'),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','First mantises.'),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic','First orb weaver spiders.'),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic',''),
('180 Ma – 140 Ma','Jurassic',''),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages',''),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','Laurasia and Gondwana continue to separate as the Atlantic Ocean forms. First anglerfish.'),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','Flowering plants.'),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','First Enantiornithes or "backward birds".'),
@ -670,9 +522,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','Earliest known monotremes.'),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','Eomaia, similar to placental mammals.'),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages','First hesperornithes.'),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages',''),
('140 Ma – 110 Ma','Early Cretaceous (145 – 100 Ma), Aptian and Albian ages',''),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages',''),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','Spinosaurus.'),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','A supervolcano in eastern Australia sends particles to the west coast.[46][47]'),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','Bees.'),
@ -680,9 +529,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','The earliest modern species of palm trees appear.'),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event (oceans anoxic for half a million years),[49] extinction of ichthyosaurs.'),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages','Ticks.'),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages',''),
('110 Ma – 90 Ma','Late Cretaceous: Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, and Santonian ages',''),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous',''),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','First hadrosauridae.'),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','Dominance of angiosperm rosids.'),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','Australia splits from Antarctica. First ants.'),
@ -692,10 +538,6 @@ beginning of Mesozoic era, Triassic period (252–201 Ma)',''),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','Zealandia breaks away from Australia.'),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','Mosasaurs are dominant marine predator.'),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous','Polaris forms.'),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous',''),
('90 Ma – 70 Ma','Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Cretaceous',''),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)',''),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)','Evidence for grasses in dinosaur dung (coprolites).'),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
@ -722,12 +564,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)','Gastornis.'),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)','Many modern bird groups appear. Earliest whale ancestors. Earliest rodents, lagomorphs, armadillos, sirenians, proboscideans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls and mako sharks. Angiosperms diversify.'),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)',''),
('70 Ma – 55 Ma','End of Mesozoic era
start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)',''),
('','',''),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene',''),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','First creodonts. Earliest equid, Eohippus or Hyracotherium.'),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','First perching birds.'),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','First bats.'),
@ -737,9 +573,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','First cetaceans, (whales) and simians.'),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','Azolla event reduces carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.'),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene','Camels arise in North America.'),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene',''),
('55 Ma – 45 Ma','Early Eocene',''),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene',''),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','Catarrhini. Earliest canines. Lepidoptera insects become recognizable. The Gastornis goes extinct. Basilosaurus.'),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','Primates cross the Atlantic to South America and become the ancestors of New World monkeys.'),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','First Nimravids.'),
@ -747,9 +580,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','Grasses common. 100 km Popigai impact structure in Siberia.'),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','The Grasslands appear. Glyptodonts, ground sloths, peccaries, eagles and hawks appear.'),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene','2-mile (3.2 km) diameter bolide creates 90 km Chesapeake Bay impact crater.'),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene',''),
('45 Ma – 35 Ma','Eocene',''),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)',''),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','The Tasmanian Seaway and the Drake Passage open, creating the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.'),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','Earliest thylacinid marsupials.'),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','Brontotheres go extinct. Pigs. South America splits from Antarctica.'),
@ -758,27 +588,17 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','Alps begin to rise. Earliest indricotheria, "hornless rhinoceros" about 6 meters high.'),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','Paraceratherium. First pelicans.'),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)','Eruption of La Garita Caldera in Colorado, one of the largest in Earth''s history.'),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)',''),
('35 Ma – 28 Ma','Beginning of Oligocene epoch (34 – 23 Ma)',''),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age',''),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','First deer. Proailurus cats.'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','Pelagornis sandersi, largest known flying bird with wingspan of 6 or 7 meters.'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','First hyenas.'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','Puijila darwini, early pinniped.'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','Daeodon shoshonensis ("terminator pig").'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age','Nimravids, "false sabre-toothed cats", die out in America.'),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age',''),
('28 Ma – 22 Ma','Oligocene, Chattian age',''),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age',''),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age','Dawn bear which is ancestor of bears.'),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age','Giraffes and giant anteaters.'),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age','Sharp decrease in water exchange between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea due to partial closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[51]'),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age','Cooling and drying of the climate in North America.[51]'),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age','Pseudaelurus felid comes to America.'),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age',''),
('22 Ma – 18 Ma','Beginning of Neogene period, Miocene epoch (23 to 5 Ma), Aquitanian age',''),
('','',''),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age',''),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','Hominidae split from gibbons.'),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','Hippopotamus.'),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','First mastodons, bovids and kangaroos. Australian megafauna diversify.'),
@ -788,28 +608,16 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','First deinotheres, similar to elephants but with tusks on their lower jaw.'),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','Nördlinger Ries impact crater.'),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age','Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, Middle Miocene disruption.'),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age',''),
('18 Ma – 14 Ma','Miocene, Burdigalian age, Langhian age',''),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age',''),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age','Last of Adapiformes.'),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age','Final closure of Mesopotamian Seaway.[51]'),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age','Anoiapithecus, one of the earliest hominids, in Spain.'),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age',''),
('14 Ma – 11 Ma','Miocene, Serravallian age',''),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Olympic Mountains reach present height.'),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Insects diversify. First large horses. Camels cross from North America to Asia.'),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Rudapithecus, a great ape that was probably bipedal.[52][53]'),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('11 Ma – 9 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Earliest Gigantopithecus, ape almost 10 feet (3.0 m) tall.'),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','C4 grasses become common.'),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Betelgeuse forms.'),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age','Crocodiles cross Atlantic to America.[54]'),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('9 Ma – 7 Ma','Miocene, Tortonian age',''),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age',''),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','Red pandas diversify.'),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','Graecopithecus ("Greek ape"), possibly ancestor of hominins.'),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','"Toumaï", of species Sahelanthropus tchadensis, shows several human traits.'),
@ -820,34 +628,21 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','Mediterranean Sea dries up (Messinian Event).'),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','Human-chimp split.'),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age','Appearance of genus Ardipithecus.'),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age',''),
('7 Ma – 5.5 Ma','Miocene, Messinian age',''),
('','',''),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Zanclean Deluge.'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis.'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','The Colorado Plateau reaches its present height, and the course of Colorado River is now close to present one.'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Divergence of polar bears and brown bears.[57]'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Possible date of 52 km Karakul crater in Tajikistan.'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Mammoths appear.'),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('5.5 Ma – 4.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Earliest Australopithecus afarensis, bipedal great ape.'),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','First zebras.'),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean','Hominin fossil footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.'),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('4.5 Ma – 3.5 Ma','Pliocene, Zanclean',''),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian',''),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','Evidence of use of stone tools by A. afarensis.[58][59]'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','Carbon dioxide levels like today for long period, giving Mid-Pliocene Warm Period temperatures about 3 °C higher than in pre-industrial 19th century, and sea level 20 meters higher.[60]'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','Human line loses fur (possibly).[61]'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','Possible time of Isthmus of Panama connecting South and Central America. Great American Interchange. Cats, condors, raccoons and camelids move south; armadillos, hummingbirds, and opossums move north.'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','Lucy, member of the species Australopithecus afarensis.'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian','First Megatherium americanum, giant sloth.'),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian',''),
('3.5 Ma – 2.8 Ma','Pliocene, Piacenzian',''),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic',''),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Homo habilis appears.'),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary extinction of marine megafauna, including megalodon shark,[62] possibly caused by a nearby supernova or supernovas of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, which deposited 60Fe on Earth.[63][64]'),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Paranthropus.'),
@ -857,9 +652,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Impact of Eltanin asteroid (1 to 4 km in diameter) in the Pacific.'),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Stone artifacts in Longgupo (Dragon Bone Slope) in China.[68] (see also Wushan Man)'),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic','Amazon River takes present shape.'),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic',''),
('2.8 Ma – 2.2 Ma','Beginning of Quaternary period, Pleistocene epoch, and Gelasian age, Lower Paleolithic',''),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian',''),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Island Park Caldera in Wyoming and Idaho.'),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Basin of Congo River acquires present shape.'),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Homo erectus appears.'),
@ -867,73 +659,44 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Human-like Australopithecus sediba.'),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Homo ergaster in Africa. First signs of the Acheulian culture in Kenya.'),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian','Last known terror birds.'),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian',''),
('2.2 Ma – 1.8 Ma','Gelasian',''),
('','',''),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age',''),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age','Australopithecines go extinct.'),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age','Out of Africa I migration by Homo erectus.'),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age','First true hand axes.'),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age','Homo erectus found in Europe.'),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age',''),
('1.8 Ma – 1.4 Ma','Beginning of Calabrian age',''),
('1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age',''),
('1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age','The Henry''s Fork Caldera in Idaho erupts.'),
('1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age','Homo antecessor. Paranthropus dies out.'),
('1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age',''),
('1.4 Ma – 1.1 Ma','Calabrian age',''),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age',''),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age','Stone artifacts on Flores, Indonesia, made by hominins.[69] This required crossing seas at least 19 km wide.[70]'),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age','Possible evidence of cooking with fire.[71][72]'),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age','14 km Zhamanshin Crater formed in Kazakhstan.'),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age','Hominin footprints and tools in England.'),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age',''),
('1.1 Ma – 900 ka','Calabrian age',''),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)',''),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Species of early humans found in Yun County, Hubei, sharing features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.[73][74]'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Australasian strewnfield.'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Evidence of use of fire[75] and olives, acorns, and other plant based foods,[76][77] at Daughters of Jacob Bridge, Palestine.'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Brunhes–Matuyama reversal.'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Hominins present in Luzon, Philippines, possible ancestors of the Flores man.[78][79]'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)','Homo floresiensis-like creatures on Flores, Indonesia.[80][81]'),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)',''),
('900 ka – 700 ka','End of Calabrian age, beginning of Chibanian age (Middle Pleistocene)',''),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation',''),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation','Yellowstone Caldera supervolcano spreads ash over North America.'),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation','Homo antecessor in Spain.'),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation','Homo heidelbergensis.'),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation','Cut marks on human bones indicate cannibalism.[82]'),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation',''),
('700 ka – 550 ka','Günz glaciation',''),
('','',''),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation',''),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','Stone points possibly for spears used by Homo heidelbergensis in South Africa.'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','First brown bears.'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','Etching on a shell in Trinil in East Java, done by Homo erectus.[83]'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','Wooden construction by hominins, in Zambia.[84][85]'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','Homo heidelbergensis in Germany, France, and Greece.'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation','Oldest known spear, Clacton-on-Sea.[86]'),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation',''),
('550 ka – 450 ka','Günz-Mindel interglacial Mindel glaciation',''),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial',''),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','Venus of Tan-Tan (300 to 500 ka ago) and Venus of B''rekhat Ram (231 to 800 ka BC).'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','Earliest appearance of proto-Neanderthal traits.'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','Sima de los Huesos hominins in Spain, related to Neanderthals.[87]'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','First known homicide victim was dropped into cave.[88]'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','Weald–Artois Anticline breached by a massive glacial lake outburst flood, creating a valley under present-day Strait of Dover.[89]'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial','Hominin footprints in Italy (Ciampate del Diavolo).'),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial',''),
('450 ka – 350 ka','Mindel glaciation, Mindel-Riss interglacial',''),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic',''),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Oldest known Middle Stone Age tools. Long-distance transport of obsidian.[90][91][92]'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Earliest known Homo sapiens, at Jebel Ighud, Morocco.'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Schöningen Spears[93] in an area soon covered by ice.[92]'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Evidence for use of fire to pretreat stone for making blades, in the Qesem cave in Palestine.[94][95]'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Stone tools in Ḥaʼil Province of Arabia.[96][97]'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic','Geminga supernova.'),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic',''),
('350 ka – 280 ka','Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic',''),
('280 ka – 220 ka','',''),
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Jinniushan woman near Korea, with traits between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.'),
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Dali Man in China, with some features of Homo sapiens.[98][99]'),
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Homo naledi skeletons in the Rising Star cave system, South Africa – evidence of deliberate entombing of the dead,[100][101] use of fire,[102] and etchings on cave walls.[103]'),
@ -943,15 +706,8 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Bedding made of ash and grass.[106]'),
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Strait of Dover formed. Britain (possibly) becomes an island for the first time.[89]'),
('280 ka – 220 ka','','Apparent date of stone tools at Hueyatlaco site in Mexico.'),
('280 ka – 220 ka','',''),
('280 ka – 220 ka','',''),
('220 ka – 180 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('220 ka – 180 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Homo sapiens in Greece.[107][108]'),
('220 ka – 180 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Homo sapiens at Misliya cave in Palestine.[109][110]'),
('220 ka – 180 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('220 ka – 180 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('','',''),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Underground circular piles of stalagmites built by Neanderthals.[111][112]'),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Use of ochre, fine stone blades and seafood at Pinnacle Point, South Africa.[113]'),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Clear evidence of roasting of plant-based food (rhizomes of Hypoxis).[114][115]'),
@ -960,9 +716,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Start of Mousterian culture.'),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Peopling of Africa: Khoisan split, age of mtDNA haplogroup L0.'),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)','Estimated time of Mitochondrial Eve.'),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('180 ka – 140 ka','Illinoian Stage (Riss glaciation)',''),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial',''),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Oldest evidence of seafaring, based on human artifacts in Crete.'),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Appearance of full-blown Neanderthal traits.'),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Stone tools on Crete (40 km from nearest neighboring land).[118]'),
@ -976,9 +729,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Tools used at Talepu site in Sulawesi.[128][129]'),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Shell jewelry in Spain, apparently made by Neanderthals.[130][131]'),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial','Jawbone with modern human chin in Guangxi Province.[99]'),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial',''),
('140 ka – 110 ka','Beginning of Late Pleistocene, Eemian interglacial',''),
('110 ka – 90 ka','',''),
('110 ka – 90 ka','','Last evidence of Homo erectus.[132]'),
('110 ka – 90 ka','','Shells with holes, probably used as beads, at Es Skhul cave on Mount Carmel.'),
('110 ka – 90 ka','','Abbassia Pluvial.'),
@ -988,9 +738,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('110 ka – 90 ka','','Khoisanid backmigration from Southern Africa to East Africa.'),
('110 ka – 90 ka','','First structures: sandstone blocks set in semicircle with oval foundation, built in Egypt near Wadi Halfa near Egypt–Sudan border.'),
('110 ka – 90 ka','','Meter-high Flores Man on island of Flores, Indonesia. Human burial at Jebel al-Qafzeh in Palestine.'),
('110 ka – 90 ka','',''),
('110 ka – 90 ka','',''),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation',''),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Homo sapiens by lake in what is now the Nafūd desert of Arabia.[137][138][97]'),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Shell beads in Taforalt Caves, Morocco.'),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Recent African origin: Southern Dispersal of sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans.'),
@ -999,9 +746,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Abstract designs engraved on ochre and pressure flaking, at Blombos Cave in South Africa.'),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Use of glue at Sibudu Cave.'),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation','Arrowhead-like projectile points[140] and possibly poisoned arrows in southern Africa.[141][142]'),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation',''),
('90 ka – 70 ka','Beginning of Würm glaciation',''),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE',''),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Supervolcano Toba in Indonesia erupts, covering south Asia with ash and starting an ice age lasting approximately 1,000 years.'),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Evidence of Aboriginal Australians Culture.'),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Cave art in Spain, by either Neanderthals or Homo sapiens.[107][130][143]'),
@ -1012,10 +756,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Engraved ostrich eggs in Diepkloof Rock Shelter.'),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Circular structure of posts near Poitiers, built by Neanderthals.[148]'),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE','Neanderthals reenter Britain.[89]'),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE',''),
('70 ka – 55 ka','Ca. 68,000 – ca. 53,000 BCE',''),
('','',''),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC',''),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Skeleton of a Neanderthal in Iraq who lived 10 to 15 years after losing his forearm.[92]'),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Remains of string in France.[149][150]'),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Arrowheads used by Homo sapiens at Grotte Mandrin [fr].[151][152]'),
@ -1025,9 +765,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Oldest known depiction of animals (warty pigs, in Sulawesi).[154][155]'),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Early European modern humans.'),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC','Châtelperronian cultures in France.'),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC',''),
('55 ka – 45 ka','53ka BC – 43ka BC',''),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic',''),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Mungo Man in Australia.'),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Homo sapiens in Bacho Kiro cave in Bulgaria.[156][157]'),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Oldest painted story in Sulawesi.[158][159]'),
@ -1047,9 +784,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Start of Aurignacian culture.'),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Paleolithic flutes and Venus of Hohler Fels,'),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic','Dyed flax fibers in Georgia.'),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic',''),
('45 ka – 35 ka','43ka BC– 33ka BCUpper Paleolithic',''),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC',''),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','Exchange of ostrich eggshell beads over hundreds of kilometers.[164][92]'),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','Oldest known skull of dog (Siberia), having wolf-like teeth.[165]'),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','Oats made into flour.[166][167]'),
@ -1068,9 +802,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia.'),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','Impression of rope on fired clay.[174]'),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC','End of Aurignacian culture, beginning of Gravettian.'),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC',''),
('35 ka – 28 ka','33ka BC– 26ka BC',''),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC',''),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Earliest known twisted rope.'),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Harpoons and saws.'),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Imprint of woven cloth on clay (Czech Republic).'),
@ -1083,9 +814,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Enclosures made of mammoth bones at Dolní Věstonice archaeological site in Moravia.'),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Lapedo child having mixture of Neanderthal and H. sapiens features at Abrigo do Lagar Velho, Portugal.'),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC','Evidence suggests humans living in Alaska and Yukon, North America.'),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC',''),
('28 ka – 22 ka','26ka BC – 20ka BC',''),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC',''),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','End of Gravettian culture, start of Solutrean.'),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','Ishango Bone, thought by some to be a tally stick.'),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','1.9-km Tenoumer crater in Mauritania.'),
@ -1096,10 +824,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','Remains of mud huts in Ohalo, by the Sea of Galilee.'),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','Pottery sherds in Xianren Cave.'),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC','Reprted date of artifacts found on Cactus Hill in Virginia.[181]'),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC',''),
('22 ka – 18 ka','20ka BC – 16ka BC',''),
('','',''),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE',''),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Proto-Afroasiatic language possibly spoken at this time.'),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Vanishing of Solutrean.'),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Start of Magdalenian culture.'),
@ -1117,9 +841,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Start of African humid period.'),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Start of Natufian culture in the Levant.'),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE','Flatbread (in Jordan).[185][186]'),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE',''),
('18 ka – 14 ka','16ka – 12ka BCE',''),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.',''),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Clovis culture in the Americas.'),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Tooth drilling and dental filling in Italy.[187][188]'),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Earliest date given for domestication of sheep.'),
@ -1142,9 +863,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Earliest layers of Jericho.'),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Urfa Man, earliest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human, in Upper Mesopotamia.'),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.','Domestication and agriculture allow humans to live in one place – civilization.'),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.',''),
('14 ka – 11 ka','12ka – 9ka BCE. End of Pleistocene epoch, beginning of Holocene.',''),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE',''),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','Copper pendant in Iraq.'),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','Toothpicks and birch-bark chewing gum.'),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','Megatherium goes extinct. Equidae go extinct in North America.'),
@ -1170,9 +888,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','Small stone circle at Atlit Yam, Palestine.'),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','Farming of animals and cereal in the eastern Sahara.'),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE','In the Nabta Playa west of the Nile, deep year-round water wells are dug and large, organized settlements are built to planned arrangements.'),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE',''),
('11 ka – 9 ka','9ka – 7ka BCETransition from Mesolithic to Neolithic. Beginning of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in Mideast, 9th millennium BCE, 8th millennium BCE',''),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE',''),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','Emergence of the Jiahu culture in China.'),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','First large scale fish fermentation in south Sweden.'),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','Settlement of Mehrgarh, one of the oldest sites with evidence of farming in South Asia.'),
@ -1198,9 +913,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','Stone roofed subterranean chambers and other subterranean complexes at Nabta Playa with buried sacrificed cattle.'),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','First ritual landscapes, mustatils in Arabia.'),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE','Alleged archaeoastronomy stone megalith in Nabta Playa.'),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE',''),
('9 ka – 7 ka','7ka – 5ka BCEEnd of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Ubaid period. 7th millennium BCE, 6th millennium BCE',''),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE',''),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','First wrought gold known, in Varna necropolis.'),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','Maize cultivation in Central America.'),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','First fermented alcohol in Egypt.'),
@ -1238,10 +950,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex in Malta, having furniture such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.'),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','Ta'' Ħaġrat Temples and Kordin Temples in Malta.'),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE','Large city of Hamoukar, destroyed in war, maybe by Uruk.'),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE',''),
('7 ka – 5.5 ka','5ka – 4ka BCEChalcolithic. 5th millennium BCE, beginning of 4th millennium BCE',''),
('','',''),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.',''),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Mound building starts in North America.'),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Egyptian numeral system invented.'),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Ötzi the Iceman.'),
@ -1289,9 +997,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Ebla tablets stored in the city of Ebla, Syria; thought to be the earliest library. 5th dynasty of Egypt.'),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Incised panel "frying pans" in the Cyclades.'),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.','Armenian patriarch Hayk defeats Babylonian king Bel (legend). Traditional date for legendary creation of Armenia by Hayk.'),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.',''),
('5.5 ka – 4.5 ka','3477 – 2477 BCEEnd of 4th millennium BCE, beginning of 3rd millennium BCE. Beginning of Bronze Age.',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','World''s last existing mammoth population on Wrangel Island goes extinct.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Golden age of Ur.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Hekla 4 eruption.'),
@ -1357,23 +1062,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Palace complex in Knossos, Crete.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','End of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Start of 2nd intermediate period.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, implying an approximation of pi (as 256/81 or'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','3'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','13'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','81'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','{\displaystyle 3{\tfrac {13}{81}}}'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',').'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Last mammoths.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Beginning of Poverty Point earthworks (Louisiana).'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Tree rings show global cooling for several years, possibly caused by volcanism, e.g. the Minoan eruption (Thera), the Avellino eruption of Mount Vesuvius or eruption of Mount Aniakchak in Alaska.[214]'),
@ -1392,9 +1080,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Bantu migrate across central, east and southern Africa.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Beginning of composition of the Rigveda.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE','Wall completed around Ao by Shang dynasty.'),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('4.5 ka – 3.5 ka','2477 – 1477 BCE',''),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.',''),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Thutmose III earns fame as military leader: Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC),'),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Egyptian conquest of Syria.'),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Mycenaean Greece has the oldest deciphered writing in Europe.'),
@ -1438,9 +1123,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Queens Athaliah and Shammuramat (Semiramis).'),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Zarathustra (Zoroaster), Homer, Carthage founded. Median kingdom formed.'),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.','Urartu (Ararat) becomes one of most powerful kingdoms of Near East.'),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.',''),
('3.5 ka – 2.8 ka','1478 – 778 BCEBeginning of Iron Age.',''),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE',''),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','First olympiad.'),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','Jonah.[218]'),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','Solar eclipse of 763 BC recorded by the Assyrians – "Revolt in the city of Aššur."'),
@ -1505,9 +1187,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','Shunga Empire in Pataliputra.'),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','Indo-Greek Kingdom.'),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE','Antikythera mechanism orrery.'),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE',''),
('2.8 ka – 2.2 ka','778 – 178 BCE',''),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE',''),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Antiochus Epiphanes and the Maccabean Revolt.'),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Parthia gains independence from Alexander the Great''s empire. Silk road is established by this time. Roman conquest of Macedon. Third Punic War.'),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Mithridates the Great massacres approximately 100,000 Romans, sparking Mithridatic Wars.'),
@ -1540,10 +1219,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Yellow Turban Rebellion. Han dynasty collapses. Sassanid dynasty rebellion against Parthian empire. Reign of Roman emperor Caracalla.'),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men.'),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE','Han Dynasty ends with the Three Kingdoms being formed in China.'),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE',''),
('2.2 ka – 1.8 ka','178 BCE – 223 CE',''),
('','',''),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623',''),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Ardashir I of the Sassanid dynasty conquers the Parthian empire in the Battle of Hormozdgan.'),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Zhuge Liang dies of illness during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains.'),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Crisis of the Third Century in Roman Empire due to Emperor Severus Alexander being assassinated.'),
@ -1587,9 +1262,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Tang dynasty.'),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Sasanids temporarily conquer Egypt.'),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623','Muhammad emigrates to Medina. Birth of Islam'),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623',''),
('1.8 ka – 1.4 ka','223 – 623',''),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923',''),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Muslims capture Ctesiphon, the largest city in world and also the regions of Syria and Mesopotamia.'),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Alexandria falls to the Muslims.'),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Khazar khaganate.'),
@ -1630,9 +1302,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Fatimid caliphate conquer Aghlabids.'),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Cholas unite Tamil Nadu.'),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923','Samanids conquer central Asia.'),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923',''),
('1.4 ka – 1.1 ka','623 – 923',''),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123',''),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','Buyids conquer Baghdad.'),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','China invents fire arrows.'),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','Seljuqs adopt Islam.'),
@ -1664,9 +1333,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','University of Bologne founded.'),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','First magnetic compass are built.'),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123','First Crusade.'),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123',''),
('1100 y – 900 y','923 – 1123',''),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323',''),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','First standing navy in china.'),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','Khitans migrate to central Asia.'),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','Gothic art movement spread throughout Europe.'),
@ -1704,9 +1370,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','Pope Clement V disbanded the order of the Knights Templars.'),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','Great Famine of 1315–1317 and beginning of the crisis of the Late Middle Ages.'),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323','Chola dynasty'),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323',''),
('900 y – 700 y','1123 – 1323',''),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473',''),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Tenochtitlan founded.'),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Delhi conquers Tamil Nadu .'),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Beginning of Hundred Years'' War.'),
@ -1730,10 +1393,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Joan of Arc. 1452/1453 mystery eruption. Inca empire. Machu Picchu. Public Bank. Fall of Constantinople. Gutenberg.'),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Beginning of Wars of the Roses. Moskovia asserts independence.'),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473','Fall of Novgorod.'),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473',''),
('700 y – 550 y','1323 – 1473',''),
('','',''),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573',''),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','French-Breton War.'),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','Fall of Granada and the expulsion of Spanish Muslims.'),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','Columbus rediscovers the New World.'),
@ -1758,9 +1417,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','First of about 11 Russo-Turkish Wars (1568 to 1878).'),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.'),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573','Battle of Lepanto.'),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573',''),
('550 y – 450 y','1473 – 1573',''),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673',''),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Iberian Union.'),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Gregorian Calendar introduced.'),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Spanish Armada.'),
@ -1802,9 +1458,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Robert Boyle, Christiaan Huygens, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Robert Hooke, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and'),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Isaac Newton.'),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673','Franco-Dutch War.'),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673',''),
('450 y – 350 y','1573 – 1673',''),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743',''),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','Maratha Empire. Battle of Vienna and Great Turkish War.'),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','Invention of modern calculus.'),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and begins persecuting Protestants.'),
@ -1827,9 +1480,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','first copyright laws.'),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','First Carnatic War.'),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743','A spell of very cold weather in Europe causes the Irish Famine (1740–1741).'),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743',''),
('350 y – 280 y','1673 – 1743',''),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803',''),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','Prussia conquers Silesia.'),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','Second Carnatic war.'),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','Lightning rod invented.'),
@ -1849,9 +1499,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','Rossetta Stone found. Goya.'),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','Barbary Wars between US and Barbary states.'),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803','First locomotive. Ludwig van Beethoven. Napoleon I of France is crowned French Councelor. Carl Friedrich Gauss. United Kingdom is formed.'),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803',''),
('280 y – 220 y','1743 – 1803',''),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843',''),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','Napoleonic wars extend the First French Empire from Madrid to Moscow..'),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','Second Anglo-Maratha War.'),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','Louisiana Purchase.'),
@ -1874,10 +1521,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','Victorian period.'),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','First Opium War.'),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843','Hong Kong established as a British colony.'),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843',''),
('220 y – 180 y','1803 – 1843',''),
('','',''),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883',''),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','Undeciphered Rongorongo script on Easter Island may mark latest independent invention of writing.'),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','Spread of anaesthesia use (Diethyl ether).'),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','Neptune discovered.'),
@ -1910,9 +1553,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).'),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone.'),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883','War of the Pacific. First Boer War.'),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883',''),
('180 y – 140 y','1843 – 1883',''),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913',''),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','Krakatoa eruption.'),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','Invention of automobile.'),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','Tower Bridge.'),
@ -1948,9 +1588,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','RMS Titanic.'),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','Novarupta volcano, biggest eruption of 20th century.'),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913','Assembly line. Atomic nucleus discovered.'),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913',''),
('140 y – 110 y','1883 – 1913',''),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933',''),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','Panama Canal open.'),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','World War I.'),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','Russian Revolution of 1917 (March and October). Third International'),
@ -1969,9 +1606,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','1931 Yellow River flood.'),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','Soviet famine of 1932–1933 kills around 8 million.'),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933','Great Depression.'),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933',''),
('110 y – 90 y','1913 – 1933',''),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953',''),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','Adolf Hitler.'),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','Franklin Roosevelt, New Deal.'),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','Sulfa drugs.'),
@ -1996,9 +1630,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','NATO, Mao Zedong.'),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','Korean War.'),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953','Egyptian revolution of 1952.'),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953',''),
('90 y – 70 y','1933 – 1953',''),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968',''),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','Structure of DNA found.'),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','Nuclear power.'),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','McCarthyism, Elvis Presley.'),
@ -2023,10 +1654,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','Cultural Revolution.'),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','Six-Day War.'),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968','ARPANET.'),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968',''),
('70 y – 55 y','1953 – 1968',''),
('','',''),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978',''),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).'),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','2001 (film). Vietnam War. Counterculture.'),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','Greenpeace.'),
@ -2049,9 +1676,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','Tangshan earthquake.'),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','Downfall of Gang of Four.'),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978','Jimmy Carter elected.'),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978',''),
('55 y – 45 y','1968–1978',''),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988',''),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','Three Mile Island.'),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','Margaret Thatcher comes to power.'),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','Usenet.'),
@ -2080,9 +1704,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','Mad cow disease,'),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','perestroika,'),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988','Black Monday,'),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988',''),
('45 y – 35 y','1978–1988',''),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995',''),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','1988 Burmese uprising.'),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','End of Iran–Iraq War,'),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','George H. W. Bush presidency.'),
@ -2106,9 +1727,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','Rwandan Massacre.'),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','Channel Tunnel opens.'),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995','Israeli-Jordanian Peace Treaty.'),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995',''),
('35 y – 28 y','1988–1995',''),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001',''),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Rising use of the Internet and the World Wide Web.'),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Start of World Trade Organization.'),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Kobe earthquake. Windows 95, Java programming language.'),
@ -2128,9 +1746,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Y2K scare.'),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Human genome sequenced.'),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001','Start of al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada).'),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001',''),
('28 y – 22 y','1995–2001',''),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005',''),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','Introduction of Wikipedia.'),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','George W. Bush is inaugurated as president of the United States.'),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','2001 Gujarat earthquake.'),
@ -2148,10 +1763,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','Yassir Arafat dies.'),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','2004 Madrid train bombings.'),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005','2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.'),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005',''),
('22 y – 18 y','2001–2005',''),
('','',''),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009',''),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','Assassination of Rafic Hariri and Cedar Revolution.'),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','John Paul II dies. 7 July 2005 London bombings.'),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','Gaza pullout by Israel, Great Flood of New Orleans (Hurricane Katrina), Kashmir earthquake.'),
@ -2168,9 +1779,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','2008 Mumbai attacks.'),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','Android (operating system).'),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009','2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict.'),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009',''),
('18 – 14 years','2005–2009',''),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012',''),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','Barack Obama president of US.'),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','Introduction of Bitcoin and cryptocurrency.'),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','Northwest Passage opens for first time in recorded history.'),
@ -2200,9 +1808,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','2011 England riots.'),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','2011 Libyan civil war ends rule of Mu`ammar al-Qaddhafi,'),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012','2011 Thailand floods.'),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012',''),
('14 – 11 years','2009–2012',''),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014',''),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','Largest strike-slip earthquake ever recorded.[222]'),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','François Hollande becomes president of France.'),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','Discovery of the Higgs boson.'),
@ -2226,9 +1831,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014),'),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','beginning of South Sudanese Civil War.'),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014','Nelson Mandela dies.'),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014',''),
('11 – 9 years','2012–2014',''),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016',''),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','Early 2014 North American cold wave.'),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','Belgium legalises euthanasia.'),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','2014 Ukrainian revolution and Russian annexation of Crimea.'),
@ -2257,9 +1859,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','November 2015 Paris attacks.'),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','Mauricio Macri President in Argentina, opposition wins 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election.'),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016','2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.'),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016',''),
('9 – 7 years','2014–2016',''),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023',''),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','Saudi Arabia executes Nimr al-Nimr.'),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','Sanctions on Iran are lifted.'),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','January 2016 North Korean nuclear test and satellite launch.'),
@ -2587,9 +2186,6 @@ start of the Cenozoic era and the Paleogene period, Paleocene epoch (66–56 Ma)
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','2023 Israel–Hamas war.'),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','Launch of Psyche.'),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023','Launch of XPoSat on 1st January 2024.'),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023',''),
('7 – 0 years','2016–2023',''),
('','',''),
('1 – 10 years(2024–2034)','Next Bangladeshi general election, if not sooner.
2024 Finnish presidential election.
2024 Indonesian general election.
@ -2761,20 +2357,12 @@ Proxima Centauri ceases to be a main-sequence star.',''),
('100 Ta – 1 petaannus','Nuclear fusion ceases (if not sooner).
The Sun becomes a black dwarf.',''),
('1 – 10 Pa','Planets fall or are flung away from their stars.',''),
('10 – 100 Pa','',''),
('100 Pa – 1 exaannus','Vanadium-50 decays.',''),
('1 – 10 Ea','Tungsten-180, Europium-151, Molybdenum-100, Neodymium-150, and Tellurium-130 decay.',''),
('10 – 100 Ea','Zirconium-96, Bismuth (209), Calcium-48, and Cadmium-116 decay.',''),
('100 Ea – 1 zettaannus','Selenium-82 decays.',''),
('1 – 10 Za','Barium-130, Germanium-78, Xenon-136, and Krypton-78 decay.',''),
('10 – 100 Za','Xenon-124 decays.',''),
('100 Za – 1 yottaannus','',''),
('1 – 10 Ya','Tellurium-128 decays.',''),
('10 – 100 Ya','',''),
('100 Ya – 1 ronnaannus','',''),
('1 – 10 Ra','',''),
('10 – 100 Ra','',''),
('100 Ra – 1 quettaannus','',''),
('1 – 10 Qa','Only solitary objects remain in the universe by this point.',''),
('10 – 100 Qa','','');
('1 – 10 Qa','Only solitary objects remain in the universe by this point.','');
COMMIT;