add footnote
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<h1>Sums of Powers</h1>
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<h1>Sums of Powers</h1>
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<p>Posted <time datetime="2026-04-15">April 15, 2026</time></p>
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<p>Posted <time datetime="2026-04-15">April 15, 2026</time></p>
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<p>Updated <time datetime="2026-06-10">June 10, 2026</time></p>
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<p>This page is all about how we can efficiently compute large sums of
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<p>This page is all about how we can efficiently compute large sums of
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<p>This algorithm is quadratic in the value of
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<p>This algorithm is quadratic in the value of
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<math><mi>p</mi></math>, which isn't great, but it's simple to
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<math><mi>p</mi></math>, which isn't great, but it's simple to
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implement (and I don't know of any faster way).</p>
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implement.<sup>1</sup></p>
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<section>
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<section>
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<h4>Stirling numbers calculator</h4>
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<h4>Stirling numbers calculator</h4>
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<p>It turns out there is a very elegant identity relating
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<p>It turns out there is a very elegant identity relating
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exponents, Stirling numbers, and falling
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exponents, Stirling numbers, and falling
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factorials:<sup>1</sup></p>
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factorials:<sup>2</sup></p>
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<div class="math-block">
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<div class="math-block">
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<math display="block">
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<math display="block">
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<mrow>
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<mrow>
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</math>
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</math>
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</div>
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<p>(For <math><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, the sum is
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<p>(For <math><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, the sum is
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just <math><mi>n</mi></math>.)<sup>2</sup> This lets us
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just <math><mi>n</mi></math>.)<sup>3</sup> This lets us
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simplify.<sup>3</sup></p>
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simplify.<sup>4</sup></p>
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<div class="math-block">
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<div class="math-block">
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<math display="block">
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<math display="block">
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<section>
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<section>
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<h2>Footnotes</h2>
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<h2>Footnotes</h2>
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<ol id="footnote-list">
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<ol id="footnote-list">
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<li><sup>1</sup> For proofs of this identity, see chapter 1.9 of
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<li><sup>1</sup> I think we can technically compute all the Stirling
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numbers we need in linearithmic time by applying the convolution
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theorem to the numbers' explicit sum formula, but that approach
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makes it difficult to get exact values. If you just want the
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Stirling numbers modulo a prime, you could maybe use a
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_Fourier_transform_over_a_ring">number-theoretic transform</a>,
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but that's well outside my wheelhouse so I'm not going to touch
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on that here.</li>
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<li><sup>2</sup> For proofs of this identity, see chapter 1.9 of
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<cite>Enumerative Combinatorics</cite> by Stanley and chapter 6.1
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<cite>Enumerative Combinatorics</cite> by Stanley and chapter 6.1
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of <cite>Concrete Mathematics</cite> by Graham, Knuth, and
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of <cite>Concrete Mathematics</cite> by Graham, Knuth, and
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Patashnik.</li>
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Patashnik.</li>
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<li><sup>2</sup> See chapter 2.6 of <cite>Concrete
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<li><sup>3</sup> See chapter 2.6 of <cite>Concrete
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Mathematics</cite> for an explanation of this identity.</li>
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Mathematics</cite> for an explanation of this identity.</li>
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<li><sup>3</sup> A version of this formula is also mentioned in
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<li><sup>4</sup> A version of this formula is also mentioned in
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chapter 6.5 of <cite>Concrete Mathematics</cite>.</li>
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chapter 6.5 of <cite>Concrete Mathematics</cite>.</li>
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</ol>
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</ol>
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</section>
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</section>
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